Presumably, the developer has tested the software and found it to work sufficiently well, so the challenge is to make sure that the software works just as well, i.e., the same, on the end-user machines.
I will informally refer to this as correct deployment: given identical inputs, the software should behave the same on an end-user machine as on the developer machine.
Software deployment is the problem of managing the distribution of software to end-user machines. That is, a developer has created some piece of software, and this ultimately has to end up on the machines of end-users. After the initial installation of the software, it might need to be upgraded or uninstalled.
This should be a simple problem. For instance, if the software consists of a set of files, then deployment should be a simple matter of copying those to the target machines. In practice, deployment turns out to be much harder. This has a number of causes. These fall into two broad categories: environment issues and manageability issues.
Environment issues The first category is essentially about correctness. The software might make all sorts of demands about the environment in which it executes: that certain other software components are present in the system, that certain configuration files exist, that certain modifications were made to the Windows registry, and so on. If any of those environmental characteristics does not hold, then there is a possibility that the software does not work the same as it did on the developer machine. Some concrete issues are the following:
- A software component is almost never self-contained; rather, it depends on other components to do some work on its behalf. These are its dependencies. For correct deployment, it is necessary that all dependencies are identified. This identification is quite hard, however, as it is often difficult to test whether the dependency specification is complete. After all, if we forget to specify a dependency, we don’t discover that fact if the machine on which we are testing already happens to have the dependency installed.
- Dependencies are not just a runtime issue. To build a component in the first place we need certain dependencies (such as compilers), and these need not be the same as the runtime dependencies, although there may be some overlap. In general, deployment of the build-time dependencies is not an end-user issue, but it might be in source-based deployment scenarios; that is, when a component is deployed in source form. This is common in the open source world.
- Dependencies also need to be compatible with what is expected by the referring component. In general, not all versions of a component will work. This is the case even in the presence of type-checked interfaces since interfaces never give a full specification of the observable behavior of a component.
Also, components often exhibit build-time variability, meaning that they can be built with or without certain optional features, or with other parameters selected at build time. Even worse, the component might be dependent on a specific compiler, or on specific compilation options being used for its dependencies (e.g., for Application Binary Interface (ABI) compatibility).
- Even if all required dependencies are present, our component still has to find them, in order to actually establish a concrete composition of components. This is often a rather labor-intensive part of the deployment process. Examples include setting up the dynamic linker search path on Unix systems, or the CLASSPATH in the Java environment.
- Components can depend on non-software artifacts, such as configuration files, user accounts, and so on. For instance, a component might keep a state in a database that has to be initialized prior to its first use.
- Components can require certain hardware characteristics, such as a specific processor type or a video card. These are somewhat outside the scope of software deployment, since we can at most check for such properties, not realize them if they are missing.
- Finally, deployment can be a distributed problem. A component can depend on other components running on remote machines or as separate processes on the same machine. For instance, a typical multi-tier web service consists of an HTTP server, a server implementing the business logic, and a database server, possibly all running on different machines.
So we have two problems in deployment: we must identify what our component’s requirements on the environment are, and we must somehow realize those requirements in the target environment. Realisation might consist of installing dependencies, creating or modifying configuration files, starting remote processes, and so on.
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